Как определить совершенный вид или нет у прилагательного

Узнаем что такое совер­шен­ный и несо­вер­шен­ный вид гла­го­ла. Приведем при­ме­ры гла­го­лов совер­шен­но­го и несо­вер­шен­но­го вида. Укажем видо­вые пары гла­го­лов, име­ю­щих раз­ные корни.

Речь пой­дет о гла­го­ле и об одной из его посто­ян­ных харак­те­ри­стик — о грам­ма­ти­че­ской кате­го­рии вида.

Прежде вспом­ним, какие сло­ва назы­ва­ют­ся глаголами.

Определение

Глагол — часть речи, кото­рая обо­зна­ча­ет дей­ствие или состо­я­ние как про­цесс (дви­же­ние и пере­ме­ще­ние в про­стран­стве, физи­че­ское и душев­ное состо­я­ние чело­ве­ка, изме­не­ние состо­я­ния и пр.) и выра­жа­ю­щее это зна­че­ние при помо­щи кате­го­рий вида, зало­га, накло­не­ния, вре­ме­ни и лица.

Глаголы отве­ча­ют на вопро­сы: что делать? что сде­лать? что делал? что сде­лал? что дела­ют? что будет делать? и пр. Например:

• что дела­ет? рисует;
• что сде­лал? нарисовал;
• что сде­ла­ет? нарисует.

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Что такое вид глагола?

Категория вида явля­ет­ся спе­ци­фи­че­ской грам­ма­ти­че­ской харак­те­ри­сти­кой слов этой части речи.

Определение

Вид гла­го­ла — кате­го­рия, пока­зы­ва­ю­щая харак­тер про­те­ка­ния дей­ствия во вре­ме­ни, выра­жа­ю­щая отно­ше­ние дей­ствия к его внут­рен­не­му пре­де­лу, огра­ни­чен­ность или неогра­ни­чен­ность действия.

Каждая гла­голь­ная фор­ма обя­за­тель­но обла­да­ет видом. В рус­ской мор­фо­ло­гии раз­ли­ча­ют у гла­го­лов два вида:

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Глаголы совершенного вида

Глаголы совер­шен­но­го вида отве­ча­ют на вопрос что сде­лать? Они называют

• дей­ствие, огра­ни­чен­ное пре­де­лом в какой-либо момент его осуществления;
• обо­зна­ча­ют резуль­тат, закон­чен­ность все­го дей­ствия или его фазы.

Например:

• что сде­лать? родить, бро­сить, купить;
• что сде­лать? обо­зна­чить, отве­тить, упростить.

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Глаголы несовершенного вида

Глаголы несо­вер­шен­но­го вида отве­ча­ют на вопрос что делать? Эти сло­ва обозначают

1. дей­ствие в про­тя­жен­но­сти, без ука­за­ния на его предел;
2. неза­кон­чен­ность действия.

Например:

• что делать? учить, кра­сить, бегать, капать;
• что делать? нести, ползти.

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Как определить вид глагола

Первый способ — вопрос

Глаголы несо­вер­шен­но­го вида отве­ча­ют на вопро­сы что делать? что дела­ет? что дела­ли? и т. д.

Примеры
летать, рису­ет, выбирали

Глаголы совер­шен­но­го вида отве­ча­ют на вопро­сы что сде­лать? что сде­ла­ет? что сде­ла­ли? и т. д.

Примеры
вер­нуть­ся, напи­шет, пришли

Второй способ — слово «буду»

• К гла­го­лам несо­вер­шен­но­го вида мож­но под­ста­вить сло­во «буду», напри­мер: «петь» — «буду петь» (несо­вер­шен­ный вид).
• К гла­го­лам совер­шен­но­го вида сло­во «буду» под­ста­вить нель­зя, напри­мер: «спеть» — нель­зя ска­зать «буду спеть» (совер­шен­ный вид).

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Примеры пар глаголов совершенного и несовершенного вида

Многие одно­ко­рен­ные гла­го­лы рус­ско­го язы­ка име­ют одно и то же лек­си­че­ское зна­че­ние, но раз­ли­ча­ют­ся грам­ма­ти­че­ским зна­че­ни­ем вида, например:

(что сде­лать?) решить — (что делать?) решать.

Такие гла­го­лы состав­ля­ют видо­вые пары, раз­ли­ча­ю­щи­е­ся сло­во­об­ра­зо­ва­тель­ны­ми морфемами:

1. суф­фик­са­ми

• брос и ть — брос а ть;
• конч и ть — конч а ть;
• встрет и ть — встреч а ть;
• обид е ть — обиж а ть;
• сосре­до­точ и ть — сосре­до­точ ива ть;
• при­уроч и ть — при­уроч ива ть;
• упол­но­моч и ть — упол­но­моч ива ть;
• достиг ну ть — достиг а ть;

2. при­став­ка­ми

• гото­вить — при гото­вить;
• брать — со брать;
• гнать — вы гнать;
• звать — на звать;
• рабо­тать — пере рабо­тать;
• моро­зить — под моро­зить.

Таблица

Отдельные видо­вые пары могут раз­ли­чать­ся толь­ко уда­ре­ни­ем, например:

• разре́зать — разреза́ть;
• засы́пать — засыпа́ть;
• отре́зать — отреза́ть.

При обра­зо­ва­нии гла­го­лов несо­вер­шен­но­го вида может про­ис­хо­дить в корне чере­до­ва­ние соглас­ных и глас­ных, напри­мер:

• оп о здать — оп а зды­вать;
• ст е реть — ст и рать:
• взд о хнуть — взд ы хать;
• изл о жить — изл а гать;
• уто м ить — уто мл ять;
• защи т ить — защи щ ать;
• упро с ить — упра ш ивать.

Упомянем видо­вые пары гла­го­лов, раз­ли­ча­ю­щи­е­ся кор­ня­ми (суп­пле­ти­визм):

• (что делать?) ловить — (что сде­лать?) пой­мать ( невер­но: споймать);
• поло­жить — класть;
• вкла­ды­вать — вложить;
• накла­ды­вать — нало­жить (повяз­ку);
• брать — взять;
• искать — найти.

Отметим, что суще­ству­ют одно­ви­до­вые гла­го­лы совер­шен­но­го или несо­вер­шен­но­го вида:

• (что сде­лать?) гря­нуть,очу­тить­ся;
• (что делать?) при­сут­ство­вать,сожа­леть.

Двувидовые гла­го­лы могут обо­зна­чать как закон­чен­ное дей­ствие, так и дей­ствие в про­тя­жен­но­сти в зави­си­мо­сти от контекста:

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Вид глагола – что это и как его правильно определить, чем отличаются глаголы совершенного и несовершенного вида и как быть с двувидовыми глаголами

Вид указывает на «предельность», ограниченность действия, которое называет глагол.

Автор: Алексей Морозов
Дата: 22.12.2020
Время чтения:
3 минуты

Вид глагола – это грамматическая категория. Она указывает на то, есть ли у действия предел. Например, у слов ждать, вспоминать, бежать, есть (кушать) предела нет. А вот переждать, вспомнить, пробежать, поесть – есть предел.

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Глаголы несовершенного вида

Они отвечают на вопрос «что делать», «что делает», «что делают» и другие подобные. Например: «Мама (что делает?) стирает», «Ученик (что делал?) учился», «Друзья (что делают?) переписываются в ВК».

Глаголы несовершенного вида обозначают действия, которые кажутся бесконечными. Мама стирает и неизвестно, сколько еще будет стирать, ученик учился неизвестно сколько часов/дней/лет и «выучился» ли, друзья переписываются и неизвестно, сколько еще будут переписываться.

Мы используем их, когда хотим сказать о длительности или о действиях, которые повторяются: я плавал (какое-то время), я звоню друзьям (каждый день, например).

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Глаголы совершенного вида

Они отвечают на вопросы «что сделать», «что сделает», «что сделал» и другие. Запомнить просто – если есть буква «с», значит вид обязательно «совершенный».

Особенность значения этих глаголов – в действии чувствуется предел. «Кот (что сделал?) намурлыкался», «Пловец (что сделает?) проплывет дистанцию», «Хочется (что сделать?) потусить».

Мы используем совершенный вид, когда хотим сказать о результате чего-либо: я закончил вуз, написал диссертацию, ушел в армию.

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Как образуются глаголы совершенного вида

От глаголов несовершенного вида. Разными способами:

1. С помощью приставок: читать – прочитать, пить – выпить, гнуть – согнуть.
2. Изменением суффиксов: толкАть – толкНУть, залИВАть – залИть, решАть – решИть.
3. С помощью приставки и суффикса одновременно: кланяться – поклониться.
4. Супплетивным способом. Это когда было одно слово, а стало вообще другое: говорить – сказать.
5. Изменением места ударения: разрезАть – разрЕзать.

Про Ахматову

Когда вы перемещаете ударение в слове, оно может поменять свое значение. Например, у Ахматовой есть такая строчка в стихотворении: «Не рассОрили нас – рассорИли!» РассОрить – то есть сделать из друзей врагов, а рассорИть – имеется в виду «разметать по земле, поселить в городах, очень отдаленных друг от друга». Так что будьте осторожны.

Подробнее о словах такого рода можете прочитать в моей статье про омонимы.

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Двувидовые глаголы

Их вид нельзя определить без контекста. Например: «(Что делать?) казнить каждый день по одному двоечнику», «(Что сделать?) казнить этого человека немедленно!».

Еще несколько примеров. Мы (что делаем) атакуем каждый день. Мы сегодня (что сделаем) атакуем противника. Ученым нравится (что делать?) исследовать прокариотов. Ученым нужно сначала (что сделать) исследовать этот объект. Я люблю (что делать?) телеграфировать. Мне надо срочно (что сделать) телеграфировать об этом на Бейкер-стрит.

Двувидовые глаголы могут также менять свой вид с помощью приставок: венчать – обвенчать, обещать – пообещать и пр.

Всё на сегодня, надеюсь, вы не устали. Лайкните статью, если понравилась.

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Совершенный и несовершенный вид прилагательного

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What is the perfect and imperfect form of the sacraments

Deerpriests Is an unchangeable form of the verb that denotes an additional action. Like all verbs, gerunds can be both perfect and imperfect.

Perfective participle

Perfective gerunds are formed from perfective verbs and answer the question What did you do?. They mainly denote a completed action that ended before the main action expressed by the predicate verb:

Coming home, I opened (open, open) a window (i.e. first I came home, and then opened (open, open) a window).

Perfective gerunds are formed from the base of the past tense by adding suffixes -V (-VSHI), -SHI.

If the stem of a past tense verb ends in vowel, then the participle is formed with the suffix -V (-VSHI):

drawing-l → drawing (drawing), sheltering-l → sheltering (sheltering).

If the stem of a past tense verb ends in consonant, then the participle is formed with the suffix -SHI:

baked → baked, brought → brought.

For some verbs, the perfect adverbial participle is formed from the stem of the future tense by adding a suffix -AND I):

pass-ut → passing, hear-at → hearing.

The gerunds formed from reflexive verbs have a particle at the end -CH:

washed → washedswapping, delighted → delightedswapping.

Imperfect participle

Imperfect Communion are formed from imperfective verbs and answer the question what are you doing?. They denote an unfinished additional action that occurs simultaneously with the main action expressed by the predicate verb:

The flower withers, bending over and drying out (i.e the flower fades and at the same time leans over и dries up).

The flower wilted, bending over and drying up (i.e withered and at the same time leaned over и dried up).

Imperfective gerunds are usually formed from the stem of the present tense using suffixes -AND I. After sibilants, the suffix is ​​used -A, in other cases — -I:

breathing-at → breathing, drawing → drawing.

From imperfective verbs with a suffix -VA- in an indefinite form, gerunds are formed from the stem of an indefinite form:

getting up → getting up, recognizing → recognizing.

From the verb be an imperfect verbal participle is formed with the help of a suffix -LEACHES:

to be → being.

From other verbs of the participle on -UCHI (-YUCHI) are found in folk songs, epics, sayings and among some writers:

live happily, do skillfully.

The gerunds formed from reflexive verbs have a particle at the end -CH:

wash my face → washing my faceswapping, bend → bendswapping.

It is impossible to form imperfective participles from some verbs:

sew, whip, cherish, cut, write, sing.

A source: https://izamorfix.ru/rus/morfologiya/vidy_deeprich.html

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34-2 Translation of Russian participles into English

As already indicated, English participles correspond to both Russian participles and gerunds. There are no separate forms corresponding to Russian participles in English.

The participles in English are used mainly in the same cases in which participles and participles are used in Russian.

Therefore, it is important to learn well, on the one hand, what are the ways of translating English participles into Russian and, on the other hand, what are the ways of translating Russian participles and participles into English.

English translation of participles from verbs throw (imperfect view) and quit(perfect) match the verb to throw.

Present participle:

Passive voice

A source: https://onlinenglish.ru/book2/Book34-2.html

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Part of speech participle

The participles have some grammatical features of the verb, noun and adjective.

The participles, as a special form of the verb, are of two types:

• perfect type — decided (from making up his mind), prompting (from prompting), agitated (from agitating);
• imperfect type — falling asleep (from falling asleep), agitated (from worrying).

The participles have two tenses:

• the past — decided (the one who decided), agitated (the one who was agitated);
• present — falling asleep (the one who falls asleep), agitated (the one who is worried).

The participles are not future tense.

The participles are:

• returnable — with the suffix -sya (decided, rushed), irreversible — without the suffix -sya (prompted, built);
• real — reflect the sign of the object or object as the initiator of the action, that is, those who «act» (a decided swimmer — who made up his mind, the prompting reason — which prompted); passive — reflect the attribute of the object or object as the performer of the action, who «suffer» and perform action initiated by another (agitated sea — agitated by the wind, me agitated — agitated by memories).

Like nouns and adjectives, participles change in cases, numbers, gender. The participles:

• Cases — nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, instrumental, prepositional (awakened day, awakened day, awakened day, etc.);
• Numbers — singular and plural (falling asleep child, falling asleep children);
• Genus — male, female, medium (boiling stream, boiling water, boiling milk).

The case, number, gender of participles is determined by the case, number, gender of the noun with which the participle corresponds (under a fluttering flag — for the noun flag and for the participle fluttering singular, masculine, instrumental). Full participles are inflected as adjectives.

Some participles, like adjectives, have two forms:

• Full form — flooded, covered,
• Short form — flooded, covered.

The initial form of participles is the masculine nominative singular. Morphological signs of participles are correlated with the indefinite form of the verb, according to which they determine transitivity or intransition, perfect or imperfect form.

Examples of participles

Here are examples of sentences with participles. The sacraments are highlighted in color.
The painting, drawn by a fifth grade student, was exhibited at a citywide competition. The sailors did not dare to go out into the storm-agitated sea. He noticed a friend climbing the steps to the second floor.

The path of thirty kilometers has been passed.
So much has been passed here!
That’s half the way.

My work for many years has been completed.
All preparations were completed.

The boat was precisely glued to the black water, thickly decorated with yellow leaves (M. Gorky).
The chest of his starched shirt was decorated with a devilishly colorful tie (M. Gorky).

Starched, decorated — full passive participles. Glued, decorated — passive participles in short form.

Examples of passive and real participles at different times from the works of M. Lermontov:
Valid Present:
Suddenly, a shadow flashed across the bright strip across the floor.

Valid Elapsed Tense:
In the entryway, she knocked over the kettle and the candle that was on the floor.
Passive present tense:
An oak leaf broke away from a branch of his own and rolled into the steppe, driven by a cruel storm.

Passive Past Tense:
Mashuk’s head smoked like an extinguished torch.

Syntactic role

A full participle in a sentence is a definition.
The rested trees silently and obediently dropped yellow leaves (A. Kuprin).
On the dried, compressed fields, on their prickly yellow bristles, the autumn cobweb shone with a mica sheen (A. Kuprin).

Participles in a short form appear in a sentence only as a nominal part of a compound predicate.
Long earrings are hung like bells on the branches (E. Maksimov).
The sky is enveloped in the glow of the sunset (S. Nadson).

Morphological analysis

In the morphological analysis of the participles, the question, the initial form, constant and non-constant morphological signs, and the role in the sentence are indicated. See a detailed outline and examples of morphological analysis of participles.

Detailed descriptions of the parts of speech of the Russian language:

morphologyonline.ru — morphological parsing of words

A source: http://morphologyonline.ru/prichastie.html

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Perfective and imperfect participles. Terms of use

The sacraments are something that writing rarely does without. Take any classic work, popular fiction, open it on the first page that comes across — and you can find participial phrases.

The participles decorate written language and complicate it somewhat compared to everyday spoken language. The participles can be different in appearance, and in order to use them correctly, you need to learn the difference. What are the perfect and imperfect participles? How are they different and how to use them?

What is a participle?

The first thing to do is find out what the sacrament is. It is very important to learn to distinguish it from adjectives. What is their main difference? Adjectives are formed from nouns, adverbs, etc. Verbs are the only part of speech from which participles are formed. However, in some ways the participle is similar to the adjective, which makes them very close and sometimes misleading. And at the same time, the participle has the properties of a verb.

Compare adjective and participle:

• Speed ​​is fast. This is an adjective and it is derived from a noun.
• Running is a runner. This is already a participle, since it is formed from a verb.

There are two types of verbs: perfect and imperfect. Therefore, participles also take on this property and can be in the form of a perfect or imperfect form.

Based on the name of these participles, it can be assumed that they are formed from the perfective verbs. To determine the type of a verb, you need to ask a clarifying question for it. For a perfect view, this is the question «What to do?» The verbs that respond to it indicate a completed action.

• Read, write, draw, close — all these verbs correspond to the question «What to do?», Therefore, refer to the perfect form and mean a completed action. «Draw» — that is, finish the drawing, complete it.

And this is how the participles from the perfective verbs will look like:

• Who read, wrote, painted, closed. The phrase «who has read the book» will mean that the reading has already been completed, the action is completed.

Imperfect participles

The question «What to do?» Corresponds to imperfective verbs. Such verbs indicate an unfinished action.

• Run, jump, paint, dance, listen.

Therefore, participles from imperfective verbs will answer the question “What is he doing? What did you do? «

• Running, jumping, painting, dancing, listening. These actions represent a process, that is, they are not completed.

The phrase «drawing girl» speaks of the very process of drawing, that is, the action is not completed.

The main difference between perfect and imperfect participles is that they originate from different forms of the verb and denote either a completed action or the process of performing it.

The sacraments are divided into two large groups: real and passive. What is the difference between them?

If the participle refers to an object that performs an action, then it is valid.

• A cat walking in the yard. / The cat itself walks in the yard, that is, it performs the action on its own.

• Grandma laying the table. / The grandmother sets the table, that is, she performs the action herself.

Valid participles can be used in present or past form. When writing, you need to pay special attention to the suffixes. Actual participles in the present tense originate only from imperfective verbs.

If a participle is used in the present tense and is formed from the verb of the first conjugation, then it can have the following suffixes: -usch-, -usch-. If the participle forms a verb of the second conjugation, then the suffixes -asch-, -sch- are used.

Actual past participles come from both perfect and imperfect verbs. At this time, they will have the suffixes -wsh- or -sh-.

Passive participles

Since real participles refer to an object that performs an action itself, it is easy to assume that passive participles refer to objects on which someone performs an action.

• The collected mushrooms lay on the table. / The mushrooms did not collect themselves, but someone performed this action on them, therefore the participle «collected» is passive.

• The disassembled suitcase lay near the closet. / The suitcase did not disassemble itself, but someone did it, that is, “disassembled” is a passive participle.

Passive participles, like real ones, can take the form of the present and the past. In the present, they are formed only from imperfective verbs. If the verb was of the first conjugation, then the participle will be labeled with the suffix -em- or -om-. If the verb was of the second conjugation, then the suffix -im- is used.

Passive participles can form the past tense from both perfect and imperfect verbs. In the past tense, the suffixes -н (n) -, -en (n) -, -t- are used. The choice of a particular suffix will depend on the verb from which the participle originates.

But it is worth noting that complete passive participles of the perfect form are written with two -нн- in the suffix, and one -н- is used only in short passive participles.

Punctuation marks

In writing, participles with dependent words are called participles. There are some rules for the design of a turnover using punctuation marks.

If the word being defined comes first, followed by a participle, then the last one will be separated by commas:

• The paintings hanging on the opposite wall were delightful and inspiring. / In this sentence, the defined word «pictures», the participial turnover follows it, therefore, there are commas on both sides.

But if the turnover is in front of the word being defined, then it is not separated by commas in any way:

• The paintings hanging on the opposite wall were delightful and inspiring. / «Pictures» also remains a definable word, but now it comes after the participial phrase.

As with many rules, there are some exceptions. If the defined word is expressed by a pronoun, then the participial turnover will be separated by commas, even if it is in front of it.

If the participial turnover is located before the word that it defines, but there are still other members of the sentence between them, then it is also separated by a comma.

So, in order to easily use participles in written and oral speech, although they are much more common in oral speech, you must first of all learn the difference between a participle and an adjective. After this, you need to figure out which forms are used in different cases. For example, how best to use the perfect and imperfect participles.

And, finally, for the correct design of phrases in the letter, it is necessary to learn how to place punctuation marks. It is very useful to look through fiction, where participial phrases are quite common. Such works will serve as a good example. When you come across a participial phrase in a text, you can stop and analyze how it is used and what punctuation marks surround it.

A source: https://fb.ru/article/424429/prichastiya-sovershennogo-i-nesovershennogo-vida-pravila-ispolzovaniya

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Verb tense

For Russian verbs, tense is an inflectional morphological category, which, when the verb is conjugated, determines the appearance of the corresponding group of forms. For imperfect verbs, the paradigm includes past and present tense forms. For verbs of the perfect form, the forms of the past and future tense appear in the paradigm:

Present, past and future tense of the participle and geruch

Unlike the verb, the tense for participles and participles is a constant morphological feature, that is, all grammatical forms of a participle refer to the same tense.

Participles and participles with different verb tenses, formed from one verb, are presented in the dictionary as different dictionary entries linked through the thesaurus.

From imperfective verbs, participles and participles of the past and present tense are usually produced:

Perfective verbs usually generate past and future participles and participles:

Impersonal verbs

A deviation from the very clear rule of the presence of present and future tense forms in perfect and imperfect verbs is violated only in a few cases, if you do not take a special verb to be with forms was and will be. Moreover, the described retreat is largely due to the desire to simplify the work of the morphological analyzer.

If we consider the paradigm of some modal impersonal verbs, then we can see simultaneously all 3 forms formed using an auxiliary verb in the corresponding tense:

English verb tense

The tenses system for the English verb is more complex in comparison with the Russian language. It includes the means of expressing both the time of the performance or course of the action, and the nature of the duration of this action, which for Russian verbs are expressed by the methods of the verbal action and the form. In addition, the grammatical category of the pledge, the simplified analogue of which in Russian is reflexive verbs and the pledge of participles, further complicates the picture.

If we abstract from the type and voice, then the indication of the moment of flow or performance of an action relative to the moment of speech gives 3 times — past, present and future. Unlike Russian verbs, present and future tense forms are present in the paradigm of almost any verb, regardless of the type. For simple tenses (simple tense), the past tense is obtained synthetically as the ed-form, the future tense — analytically, using the auxiliary verb to be in the desired form:

do — did — will do

ask — asked — will ask

In the English lexicon, only ed-forms and forms of the present tense are stored, since the future tense is formed from the infinitive of the perfect in a regular way.

Infinitive (indefinite verb)

Both in Russian and in English, the infinitive has no morphologically expressed signs of time. In some constructions, the infinitive takes on a certain shade of flow or performance in the past or future tense:

The success is still to come.

You are to win this game.

We were to do it.

Additional materials on verbs

Perfect and imperfect view

Conjugation of verbs

Grammatical categories in the morphological dictionary

Morphology of the Russian language

A source: http://solarix.ru/grammar/tense.shtml

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Communion

Communion how a morphological phenomenon is interpreted in linguistics ambiguously. In some linguistic descriptions, the participle is considered an independent part of speech, in others it is a special form of the verb. In our description, we proceed from the point of view of the participle as a special form of the verb.

Communion Is a special form of the verb with the following features:

1. Indicates feature of the subject by action and answers the questions what? what did he do? what did he do? what did he do ?.

2. has morphological features of a verb and an adjective.

The signs of the verb include:

• view (perfect — SV and imperfect — NSV),
• return,
• time (present and past).
• bail (real and passive).

The signs of an adjective include:

3. Participles agree with nouns like adjectives and in a sentence they are the same members as adjectives, that is definition и nominal part of a compound nominalpredicate (short participles — only part of the predicate).

Dependence of the number of participial forms on the transitivity and type of the verb

A verb can have from one to four participial forms, depending on its transitivity and type.

Transitive verbs can take the form of real and passive participles, intransitive verbs have only the forms of valid participles.

Verbs perfect kind have only past participles, verbs imperfective can have both present and past participles. Thus,

— transitive verbsnotperfect kind have all 4 participles (read, read, read, read),

— intransitive verbs are notperfect kind have 2 participles — valid present and past tense (sleeping, sleeping),

— transitive perfective verbs also have 2 participles — valid and passive past tense (read, read).

— intransitive perfective verbs have only 1 participle form — a valid past participle (overslept).

Valid participles

Valid participles denote a sign of an object that itself produces an action: a boy reading a book.

Actual participles of the present tense are formed from transitive and intransitive verbs NSV from the stem of the present tense using suffixes:

—uzh — (- yusch-) for I conjugation of verbs: running, running, running,

—asch — (- yasch-) for II conjugation of verbs: lying-asch-iy, sto-iasch-iy.

Active past participles are formed from transitive and intransitive verbs NSV and SV from the base of the past tense using suffixes:

-w- for verbs with stem, ending in a vowel: chita-vsh-oi,

-NS— for verbs with consonant basis: ness.

Verbs can form valid past participles from another stem:

— some verbs in -sti (to lead, to find) form the participles under consideration from the basis of the present / simple future tense (and not from the basis of the past tense): the one who has acquired (the basis of the future tense will be acquired, the basis of the past is acquired), the leading one;

— the verbs go and wither form these participles from a special stem, not equal to any other: shed-sh-th, faded-sh-th.

Some verbs can form two participles from different stems: one from the stem of the past tense, dried up and the other from the stem of the infinitive, dried, and the choice of the suffix is ​​carried out in accordance with the given rule.

Passive participles

Passive participles denote a sign of the subject to which the action is directed: a book read by a boy.

The passive participles of the present tense are formed from the transitive verbs NSV, from the stem of the present tense using the suffix:

—eat- (sometimes oh) for I conjugation of verbs: read-am-th, ved-th-th,

-them— for II conjugation of verbs: stored-im-th.

Passive participles can be formed from single intransitive verbs: guided and controlled are formed from the intransitive verbs to lead and control (the meaning of the object with these verbs is expressed by a noun in the form not of V. p., But T. p.: To lead, to manage a plant).

There are no passive participles present tense verbs to beat, write, sew, revenge and others.

The passive participle of the present tense in the verb to give is formed from a special stem (let’s-em-th).

The verb to move has in the present time two passive participles: moved and moved.

Passive past participles are formed from the transitive verbs NSV and SV (participles from the NSV verbs are few) from the base of the past tense with the help of suffixes:

-n (n) — from verbs on —aat, -at and -net: read-nn-th,

—en (n) — from consonant stems and -ith: carried away, built,

-t- from the basics on-on,-on,-on and from monosyllabic verbs and derivatives from them: closed-th-th, colo-th-th, locked-th-th, bi-th-th, broken-th-th.

Passive participles of past tense are not formed for verbs to fall in love, to seek, to take.

Some verbs ending in —sti, is passive past participles are formed from the base of the present / future tense: brought, found, spun, stolen.

Suffering participles of the present and past tense can also be formed by the attachment of postfix-to the form of the actual pledge: a well-selling-selling (= selling-emu) / selling-hs-hs-hsi book.

Passive participles have full and short forms: a letter I wrote — a letter written by me. Short participles have the same grammatical properties as short adjectives, that is, they do not change in cases and appear in a sentence mainly in the function of the nominal part of the predicate.

Morphological analysis of the participle

Morphologically, the participle is disassembled according to the following plan:

I. Part of speech (special form of the verb). Overall value. From which verb it is derived. Initial form — masculine nominative singular

II. Morphological signs. Constant signs: a) real or passive, b) time, c) kind, d) recurrence. Non-permanent signs: a) full or short form (for passive ones), b) case (for participles in full form), c) number, d) gender.

III. Syntactic role.

Sample parsing of the participle

A revolving glass door with brass steamer handrails pushed him into a large, pink marble lobby. The grounded elevator housed the information desk. A laughing woman’s face peeped out from there (I. Ilf and E. Petrov).

Parsing the participle as a verb form:

I. Spinning (what?) — pr., (Spinning + -sch-)

early swivel shape.

II. Fast. signs: valid, nast time, NSV, return;

unpost signs: I. p .; in units number, in wives. kind.

III. Door (what?) Revolving (definition)

I. Grounded (what?) — pr., (Ground + -enn-);

early shape grounded

II. Fast. signs: passive, past. time, CB, non-return;

unpost signs: in full. form, item, item. number, husband. kind.

III. Elevator (what?) Grounded (definition)

early form laughing.

II. Fast. signs: valid, present time, NSV, return;

unpost signs: I. p., in units. number, cf. kind.

III. Face (what?) Laughing (definition)

A source: https://videotutor-rusyaz.ru/uchenikam/teoriya/51-prichastie.html

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Orthogram

1.

The real participles of the present tense are written:

a) suffixes -yщ-, -usch- for verbs I conjugation, for example: boronyuschHail, peguzhstelyuschth;

b) suffixes -Aщ-, -yach- for verbs II conjugation, for example: meaningaschoh, breatheaschuh, strboxeat it.

2.

In the present passive participles it is written:

a) suffix thm- for verbs I conjugation, for example: hesitatedrdoh checkingrdth;

b) suffix -andm- for verbs II conjugation, for example: kindthemoh, hearthemth, but: movable (from the old verb motive).

3.

In the passive past participles it is written:

a) -anny, -anny, if the corresponding verb ends in indefinite form in -at, -at, for example: writeAttain — writtenanny, isn’tay — unlessyanny, presentay — presentyanny;

b) -enny, if the verb in an indefinite form ends in ththe, -it, -ty (after a consonant), -night, for example: viewet — viewenlightened, shootingto grow — shootingenny savedyou — savedenny savewhose — savingsen. Wed:

carpets to dry hung up (hang up) in the yard — groceries in the store in advance hung up (hang up);

hung (hang) with the customer’s bags — weighted (give short weight) seller buyers;

implicated (knead) in a crime bribe-takers — thickly mixed (knead) dough;

many pictures hung (hang) on the walls — a door hung (hang);

shot (shoot) fascists partisans — wounded (shoot down) a duck hunter;

targeted (shoot down) tool — shot (shoot down) Wolf;

deflated (deflate) from the oil tank — deflated (roll out) from the basement barrel.

§52. Spelling nn and n in participles and verbal adjectives and their derivatives

1.

In the full forms of the passive past participles, formed from the perfect form (both prefixed and non-prefixed), it is written nn, for example: buyingnnoh, correctnnth, namennoh, sparennth, cutnnoh, reshёnnoh, dry upnnoh, brochetnnoh, captivatednnoh yesnnoh, forcednnoh, ordernnth, studynnth, built-innnth, etc.

Exceptions: with one n, verbal adjectives that are part of stable combinations that have completely lost connection with participles (formed from the perfective form) are written, for example:нoh man, easyнth Sunday, nameнth brother, plantedнth father.

2.

In verbal adjectives formed from non-prefixed imperfective verbs, one is written n, eg: rightнoh, sluggishнoh, heatнoh, boiledнoh, pissнoh, boiledнoh, smootherнoh, kovaнoh, kosheнth, swiftнoh, erasedнoh, scrapнoh, relicнoh, weaveнoh, loadedнth, meltingнoh, colderнth as well as woundнth (although formed from the two-species verb hurt). With one н spelled adjectiveнth.

Exceptions: With two н verbal adjectives are written, formed from non-prefixed imperfective verbs: typennoh, kindnnoh, businessnnoh, wishingnnoh, hearingnnoh, countingnnoh, nezdannoh-nessnnth.

3.

The presence of a particle does not affect the spelling of passive participles and verbal adjectives not-, for example: notdecidennth problems,notinterestednnth faces, notknownnnth edge; notlikeнth trails, notmore beautifulнth wall, notmoreнth guest, notkaucheнth meadow.

4. The distinction between passive participles and adjectives formed from them (thereby clarifying the question of writing nn—н) is sometimes produced not on a formal basis, but on a semantic basis. For example, in the sentence Being wounded, the soldier remained in the ranks, spelled out — the participle and is written with two n, despite the absence of a prefix and explanatory words with it: it retains its verbal meaning.

5. In nouns formed from passive participles and verbal adjectives, two н or one н according to the producing basis, for example:

1) outragennitza, raisednnhic yesnnhik, electnnuk, holynnhik, stavlennuk, drownednnuk;

2) vareнhik, smokedнawn, colderнoh, manнhic, truerнhic, uchнik.

6. In adverbs formed from verbal adjectives, so many are written н, how many adjectives in full forms, for example: affairsnnoh smile, no neednnoh-nessnnoh come, putaнabout explaining.

7. In short forms of passive participles, unlike full participles, one is always written n, in short forms of verbal adjectives, so many are written н, how many in full forms. Wed:

Democratic public vozvolnovaнa (participle: she got excited) reports of interethnic clashes. — The actor’s play was heartfelt and emotionalnna (adjective: full of excitement).

Many of them were close to the court and aboveнs (participle: they were exalted). — Their ideals and aspirations were abovenns (adjective: noble and deep).

Their children are raisedнs (participle: they were raised) in the spirit of innovative ideas. — The girl’s manners indicate that she is tactful and educatednna (adjective: well behaved).

Sometimes simple questions are artificially confusing.нs (participle: they got confused). — The plots of these works are complex and confusingnns (adjective: hard to understand).

You are always lucky, you seem to be spoiledнs (participle: you have been spoiled) fate. — With the wrong upbringing, children are usually capricious and spoilednns (adjective: spoiled by pampering, moody, pampered).

These conclusions are substantiatedнs (participle: they were justified) by the very logic of the study. — The requirements presented to us are arbitrary and unreasonablenns (adjective: unconvincing).

The scope of work was limited.нs (participle: they were limited) by allotted funds. — Its capabilities are limitednns (adjective:are small).

The doctors were preoccupiedнs (participle: worried about them) the patient’s condition. — The storm intensified, and the faces of the sailors were serious and worriednns (adjective: restless).

The court found no corpus delicti in this case, and the accused were acquittedнs (participle: they were acquitted). — Extraordinary measures in these conditions were necessary and quite justifiednns (adjective: having an explanation).

All options for the further play of the chess player are thought through to the endнs (participle: he thought them over). — The answers of the examinees were meaningful and thoughtfulnns (adjective: reasonable, reasonable).

A source: https://orfogrammka.ru/OGL02/81920138.html

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Verb signs of participles

Isolation of participles as a special form of the verb often causes difficulties. Sometimes this form is taken by schoolchildren as an adjective or as a separate part of speech. Learning participles can help students avoid mistakes in their spelling and punctuation. You can find out about other issues concerning the Russian language on the website uchim.guru, the purpose of which is to tell about complex things in simple words. The portal will help schoolchildren and students in solving complex issues in education.

The participle is a form of the verb that answers the questions: which one? what is he doing? what did you do? The participle combines the features of a verb and an adjective. The initial participle is a verb. For example: playing — playing, writing — writing, done — doing.

Perfect / imperfect view.

The type of participle coincides with the type of infinitive from which it is formed. What to do? — a question for an imperfect species, but what to do? — for the perfect. For example: called (to the board) — call (what to do?), Therefore, this is a perfect participle. The writing student — writing (what to do?) Is an imperfect form.

Returnable / non-returnable participles.

The presence or absence of the postfix -sy helps to define this category. Decided (to escape) — returnable, built (house) — irrevocable.

Time.

The category of tense can be determined both by the meaning of the word and by its suffixes. For example: the broken table (the one that was smashed) is the past tense. By now, the participles with the following suffixes are included: For example: washing, screaming, whistling, playable, translatable, driven. And the indicator of the past tense is the suffixes: -sh (carried), -vsh (twisted), -enn (built), -t (sewn), -nn (played).

Pledge.

The participles are valid and passive. The pledge is determined by suffixes: -usch, -yush, -asch, -yasch, -sh, -vsh — real, and -em, -im, -enn, -om — passive. The pledge can be determined AND by the meaning of the participle. For example: fallen (leaves) is a valid participle, since the action is performed by itself, without an intermediary. A played (drawn game) is a passive participle, because the game was played by someone, and not by itself.

Conjugation.

The participle itself does not have conjugation, but the conjugation is determined by the verb from which it is formed, and determines the vowel in the suffix of the present participle: writing (pen) — write (I conjugation), therefore, the participle has the suffix -usch-; glue (envelope) — glue (II conjugation), the participle has the suffix -yach-.

The rest of the signs do not correlate with the verb, but are directly related to the adjective.

A source: http://bacenko.ru/glagolnyie-priznaki-prichastiy/

Perfect and imperfect participles

A participle is a part of speech that belongs to a special form of a verb. Why special? Because it is endowed with morphological features of both the adjective and the verb. There are fewer signs of an adjective in a participle than a verbal one — an approximate ratio of two to three is not a purely verb form, otherwise this part of speech would not be called a «special form».

The participle has nominal features (characterizes the subject / object by action, has a gender category, declines) and verbal.

Signs of a participle from a verb

Action characteristic:

• flying snow — snow that flies;
• visible from afar — the one that is seen;
• falling snow — snow that falls;
• snow-covered road — a road that is covered with snow.

Time (present / past):

• calling, called — n. time;
• who called, named — pr. time.

Returnable (returnable / non-returnable):

• playing (violin) — playing (kitten);
• looking (into the distance) — looking (in the mirror).

Transition (transient / intransient):

• singing a song (transitional) — singing a song;
• playing the violin (intransitive) — playing the violin.

Pledge (valid / passive):

• falling (real) snow; who has seen (real) everyone;
• snow-covered road; visible (passive); covered with (passive) snow.

View (perfect / imperfect) the participle depends on the same property of the generating verb:

• name (what to do?) — named — Sov.v .;
• to call (what to do?) — who called — nesov. view.

Perfective participles (ПЧСВ)

View Is one of the permanent categories that defines the participle as a special form of the verb. The perfect and imperfect appearance characterizes the object described by the participle in terms of perfect or imperfect action.

The participle of the perfect is formed in the suffix way from the verbs of the perfect form. ПЧСВ answer questions in which always, as in the verbs that gave them the beginning, there is a prefix «s-» — «what did he do?» The perfect form of participles is formed only from the past tense verbs.

Examples: read (what to do?) — read, read (what did what?); open (what to do?) — opened, open (what did what?).

Imperfect participles (PCNV)

ПЧНВ is derived from Ch. imperfect type and characterize an object or subject on the basis of an unfinished action. The verbs of the present and the past tense participate in their formation. Since the verbs are not. types answer the question «what to do?» — «what did you do?»

Examples: read (what to do?) — read (what does / what?), Jump (what to do?) — jump (what did / what?); draw — drawn, read — read; to see — seen; wrinkled — wrinkled.

A source: https://kakpishem.ru/chasti-rechi/prichastie/prichastiya-sovershennogo-i-nesovershennogo-vida.html

What is a participle in Russian?

06.12.2016/XNUMX/XNUMX Category: Education and Science Subcategory: Russian Popularity

Communion — part of speech, which is a special form of the verb that denotes signs of action. Answers such questions as «what?», «What?», «What?», «What?».

As a verb form of a participle, they have the following grammatical features:

• Kind: perfect and imperfect (for example: evening (what?) dozing (what to do? — doze); cat jumping off (what to do? — jump);
• Time: present and past (grandfather (what?) dozing, cat (what?) escaped);
• Refundability: returnable and non-returnable.

Morphological and syntactic signs of participles

There are scientists who believe that the participle is an independent part of speech, because it has features that are not characteristic of the verb. In particular, participles have some adjective features, such as

• designation of a feature of an object
• and consistency with the noun (that is, the same gender, number, and case).

There are real and passive participles, some have full and short forms. The short form of the participle in the sentence plays the role of the nominal part of the compound predicates. For example: Textbook uncovered on the tenth page.

The participles are capable of declining in case, number and gender, like adjectives. Even though participles have verb features, they are definitions in a sentence. For example: The book is lost, the briefcase is lost, the panel is lost.

The participles have an initial form, but only participles that are formed from imperfective verbs have it. Real and passive participles are formed using suffixes.

Valid participles

Valid participle Is a participle, which denotes a sign produced by the subject / object itself. For example: Boy painting a picture.

Real participles are formed from verbs in the present and past tense using suffixes

• -usch- (-usch-) — for I conjugation of verbs,
• -asch- (-ych-) –for II conjugation of verbs.
• -vsh-, -sh- — for past tense verbs.

examples: writing, sowing, sitting, shouting, writing, hearing, speaking, carrying, carrying.

To use it correctly, you need to know types of participles and correctly determine their morphological characteristics.

On our website you can read a separate article about real and passive participles: here.

We also recommend that you familiarize yourself with the material about participial phrases.

A source: http://infoogle.ru/chto_takoe_prichastie_v_russkom_yazyke.html

Perfect and imperfect form of the verb

• 1 Types of verbs in Russian
• 2 How to easily distinguish the types of verbs

One of the important grammatical features of verbs is their form, which allows the listener or reader to build the logic of speech and understand whether an action was performed in the past or it continues at the moment. Not only conjugated verbs and infinitive forms have a look, but also participles and gerunds.

Types of verbs in Russian

It is extremely difficult to get confused in the topic, since there are only two types of verbs in Russian:

• Perfect view allows you to describe an action, a state of something or a process that has already reached its logical conclusion (tired, read, flew away, ran out, fell in love, thought).
• Verbs imperfective Is a designation of an action, process or state that occurs at the moment of speech (actively or passively), and its completion will take place in the future (clean up, dies, listens, run, eat, feel)

It is important to remember that the same verb can have two forms depending on the context, this grammatical feature is not constant:

• Я fell in love into her at first sight (this is a perfect view, the process has already taken place and there is its end result — falling in love).
• I saw her again and now I’m sure for sure — every day I falling in love more and more into it (imperfect form, since the process is still underway, and the final result will be sometime in the future tense).
• We played snowballs in the street and it’s terrible froze within an hour (here the verb denotes the completed state, this is the perfect form of the verb).
• We have been playing snowballs for the second hour and everyone is starting a little freeze (the verb «freeze» describes the same state as the verb in the previous sentence, but there is no end point (that is, it is not completely frozen yet), which means it is imperfect).

How to easily distinguish the types of verbs

To find out which verb is used in a sentence, you need to ask him one of the questions and determine which of them fits the meaning:

• «What to do?» (eat, read, watch, have fun, be right) is a question that corresponds to an imperfect verb;
• «What to do?»(Eat, read, watch, have fun) — the question to which the perfective verbs answer.

In addition, the types of verbs have other grammatical differences:

• imperfect verbs can be used in any form of the past, present or future tense — read at school, I read now, I will read next month;
• perfect verbs have no form of the present tense, since it requires the duration of the action, and the perfect verbs show the completed action or process — read up to first grade, read before the exam;
• the form of the future tense in an imperfect species is predominantly composite — I will eat tomorrow, I will watch in case of success, I will drink during frosts;
• perfective verbs have a simple future tense — eat before dinner, I will look after meeting, I will drink of necessity;

Another nuance that emerges by itself from the logic of constructing a sentence: perfective verbs never stand in grammatical conjunction with verbs «start off» or «continue», since they are themselves a designation of an imperfect action.

• Maria started watching this film yesterday, but fell asleep, and did not know how it all ended.
• Maria looked this movie yesterday. She fell asleep halfway, but after waking up, she returned to the missed part of the plot.
• I keep wonderingwhy are they still dating if they feel so bad with each other.
• Last year I bewilderedwhy are they still dating, because they felt bad with each other.

In Russian speech, there are two types of verbs: perfect and imperfect. They are easily distinguishable from each other both by grammatical features and by the logic of speech, if you carefully read and parse the rule.

A source: https://russkyaz.ru/slova/glagoly/sovershennyj-i-nesovershennyj-vid-glagola.html

Real and Passive participles

Valid participles denote a sign of an object that itself produces an action.
Passive participles denote a sign of an object that is being acted upon by another object.

Formation of participles

When forming participles, the following verb features are taken into account:

1. Transitivity or intransitivity of a verb (from transitive verbs, both real and passive participles are formed; from intransitives — only real participles).
2. Type of Verb (present tense participles are not formed from perfective verbs.

From imperfective verbs, real present and past participles are formed, from most imperfective verbs, passive past participles are not formed, although these verbs have corresponding forms of present passive participles).

Real participles formed from reflexive verbs retain the suffix -sya in all tenses, regardless of which sound (vowel or consonant) is in front of this suffix; the suffix -sya stands at the end of the participle.

When forming participles with present tense suffixes -ush- (-ych-), -sh- (-ych-), -em-, -im- and past tense -vsh-, -sh-, -nn-, -enn-, -t- the endings of the masculine, feminine and neuter singular are appended (-th, -th, -th, -ee) or plural ending (-th, -th).
From a number of verbs are formed not all varieties of participles.

Note.
Most transitive imperfective verbs do not have the form of passive past participles.

Morphological analysis of the participle

I. Part of speech (special form of the verb); from which verb the general meaning is formed.
II. Morphological signs:
1. The initial form is the masculine nominative singular.
2. Constant signs: a) real or passive; b) time; c) kind.

3. Unstable signs:

a) full and short form (for passive participles); b) case (for participles in full form); c) number; d) gender.

III. Syntactic role.

Other notes on Russian language and literature

A source: http://edu.glavsprav.ru/info/prichastie/

Perfective gerunds

Perfective gerunds — these are words denoting an additional action that precedes the main action expressed by the predicate verb, and answering the question what by doing?

Let us find out what the perfect form of gerunds is, but first let us remember which words refer to gerunds in Russian.

The adverbial participle is an unchangeable verb form that denotes an additional action, combines the signs of a verb and an adverb and answers the questions what is doing? what having done?

• (doing what?) telling a fairy tale;
• (having done what?) rolling down the mountain.

As a special verb form, the verbal participle has a constant morphological feature — perfect or imperfect form.

Imperfect kind

Perfect kind

Let’s consider in more detail what the perfective participles mean and how they are formed from verbs.

What are the perfect participles?

The perfect adverbial participle denotes a completed additional action that was performed before in relation to the action expressed by the predicate verb.

Opening her umbrella, Vera walked down the street, drenched in rain.

First, there was an action designated by the word «opening». Vera first opened her umbrella and then walked down the street.

The word «opening» does not change, it denotes an additional action and answers the question of what having done?

This word is a participle. It preserves the grammatical category of the perfect form of the verb from which it is formed:

(what to do?) to reveal — (what to do?) to reveal

In the same way, they denote the previous action of the perfective participle in the following sentences.

Examples

With an embarrassed smile, the girl thanked for the help.

Having heard pleasant music, the young man made the sound of the receiver louder.

After sending the message, she put the phone in her purse.

Opening the door, the old woman looked at the callers.

Drenched to the skin in the pouring rain, he quickly changed into dry clothes.

How are the perfect participles formed?

Perfective gerunds can only be formed from verbs of the same type. Formative suffixes -v-, -lice-, -shi-, -а / -я, which are attached to the stem of the indefinite form or the past tense of the verb, are involved in the formation of adverbial participles.

1. If the verb stem ends in a vowel, then the gerunds form the suffixes -v-, -vshi-:

• unlock (unlock) — unlock
• indicate (indicated) — indicating.

In the formation of perfect adverbs from reflexive verbs, the suffix -lice- is involved:

• burst into tears — burst into tears
• frown — frown
• bathe — after bathing.

2. From the stems of verbs ending in a consonant, gerunds are formed using the suffix -ш-:

• crawl away (crawl away) — crawl away
• take away (take away) — take away
• grow (grew) — grown
• bring (brought) — brought.

3. Some verbs form a perfect participle with the suffix -а / -я from the stem of the future tense:

• take away — (what will they do?) take away — take away
• foresee — foresee — foresee.

A number of verbs can form parallel forms of perfective participles both from the infinitive stem and from the past tense stem:

• drop in — jump in; jumped in — jumped in;
• get wet — getting wet; wet — wet;
• shut up — shut up; shut up — shut up.

Speech errors when using gerunds

Using gerunds in oral and written speech, we follow certain rules.

1. In a sentence, you must use a participle and a verb of the same kind:

(Having done what?) Straightening his shoulders, the athlete (what did he do?) Pulled himself up several times on the horizontal bar.

(Doing what?) Singing a song, the girl (what was she doing?) Was embroidering a picture with silk.

If the same type of participle and verb is not observed, a speech error appears:

Finding the keys in her pocket, she opened the lock.

2. The participle should denote an additional action of the subject who performs the main action expressed by the verb, that is, the gerunds, like the predicate verb, explain the subject.

If you ignore this requirement, a so-called free participle or turnover arises, which does not apply to the subject:

Having lost control, the car drove into a ditch.

Who has lost control? Driver or car?

When the driver lost control, the car drove into a ditch.

Let’s find out in which sentences the adverbial turnover is not used.

3. The verbal participle is not used in impersonal sentences in which there is not and cannot be a subject, denoting the producer of both the main and additional actions.

Entering the house, I felt stuffy.

The presence of an infinitive as part of a predicate in an impersonal sentence.

Причастия совершенного и несовершенного вида. Правила использования

Причастия – то, без чего редко обходится письменная речь. Взять любое классическое произведение, популярную художественную литературу, открыть на первой попавшейся странице — и можно встретить причастные обороты.

Причастия украшают письменную речь и несколько усложняют ее, по сравнению с повседневной разговорной. Причастия могут отличаться по своему виду, и чтобы их использовать правильно, нужно усвоить эту разницу. Что такое причастия совершенного и несовершенного вида? Чем они отличаются и как их использовать?

Что такое причастие?

Вам будет интересно: Все что нужно знать о шестиугольной пирамиде

Первое, что нужно сделать, — выяснить, чем является причастие. Очень важно научиться отличать его от прилагательных. В чем заключается их главное отличие? Прилагательные образуются от существительных, наречий и т. д. Глаголы – это единственная часть речи, от которой образуются причастия. Однако причастие по некоторым признакам похоже на прилагательное, что очень сближает их и иногда вводит в заблуждение. И в то же время причастие обладает свойствами глагола.

Сравните прилагательное и причастие:

• Скорость – скоростной. Это прилагательное и образовано оно от существительного.
• Бежать – бегающий. Это уже причастие, поскольку образовано оно от глагола.

Вам будет интересно: Удивительные факты о лошадях

Глаголы бывают двух видов: совершенного и несовершенного. Следовательно, причастия также перенимают это свойство и могут иметь форму совершенного или несовершенного вида.

Причастия совершенного вида

Исходя из названия этих причастий, можно предположить, что образуются они от глаголов совершенного вида. Чтобы определить вид глагола, необходимо задать к нему уточняющий вопрос. Для совершенного вида это вопрос «Что сделать?». Глаголы, отвечающие на него, обозначают законченное действие.

• Прочитать, написать, нарисовать, закрыть – всем этим глаголам соответствует вопрос «Что сделать?», следовательно, относятся к совершенному виду и означают законченное действие. «Нарисовать» — т. е. закончить рисунок, завершить его.

А вот так будут выглядеть причастия от глаголов совершенного вида:

• Прочитавший, написавший, нарисовавший, закрытый. Словосочетание «прочитавший книгу» будет означать, что чтение уже закончено, действие завершено.

Причастия несовершенного вида

Глаголам несовершенного вида соответствует вопрос «Что делать?». Такие глаголы обозначают незаконченное действие.

• Бегать, прыгать, рисовать, танцевать, слушать.

Следовательно, причастия от глаголов несовершенного вида будут отвечать на вопрос «Что делающий? Что делавший?».

• Бегающий, прыгающий, рисующий, танцующий, слушающий. Эти действия обозначают процесс, т. е. они не завершены.

Словосочетание «рисующая девочка» говорит о самом процессе рисования, т. е. действие не завершено.

Главное различие между причастиями совершенного и несовершенного вида заключается в том, что они берут свое начало от разных форм глагола и обозначают либо законченное действие, либо процесс его совершения.

Действительные причастия

Причастия делятся на две большие группы: действительные и страдательные. В чем между ними разница?

Если причастие относится к предмету, который выполняет действие, то оно действительное.

• Кошка, гуляющая во дворе. / Кошка сама гуляет во дворе, т. е. выполняет действие самостоятельно.

• Бабушка, накрывающая на стол. / Бабушка накрывает на стол, т. е. сама выполняет действие.

Действительные причастия могут использоваться в форме настоящего времени или прошедшего. Особое внимание при написании нужно обращать на суффиксы. Действительные причастия в настоящем времени берут свое начало только от глаголов несовершенного вида. Если причастие используется в настоящем времени и образовано от глагола первого спряжения, то оно может иметь следующие суффиксы: -ющ-, -ущ- . Если причастие образует глагол второго спряжения, то используются суффиксы –ащ-, -ящ-. Действительные причастия прошедшего времени происходят от глаголов как совершенного, так и несовершенного вида. В этом времени они будут иметь суффиксы –вш- или –ш-.

Страдательные причастия

Поскольку действительные причастия относятся к предмету, который сам выполняет действие, то легко предположить, что страдательные причастия относятся к предметам над которыми кто-то совершает действие.

• Собранные грибы лежали на столе. / Грибы не сами себя собрали, а кто-то выполнил это действие над ними, поэтому причастие «собранные» является страдательным.

• Разобранный чемодан лежал возле шкафа. / Чемодан не сам себя разобрал, а кто-то сделал это, т. е. «разобранный» – это страдательное причастие.

Страдательные причастия, как и действительные, могут иметь форму настоящего времени и прошедшего. В настоящем они образуются только от глаголов несовершенного вида. Если глагол был первого спряжения, то причастие будет меть суффикс –ем- или –ом-. Если глагол был второго спряжения, то используется суффикс –им-. Форму прошедшего времени страдательные причастия могут образовывать от глаголов и совершенного, и несовершенного вида. В прошедшем времени используются суффиксы –н(н)-, -ен(н)-, -т-. Выбор определенного суффикса будет зависеть от глагола, от которого берет свое начало причастие. Но стоит отметить, что полные страдательные причастия совершенного вида пишутся с двумя –нн- в суффиксе, а одна –н- используется только в кратких страдательных причастиях.

Знаки препинания

На письме причастия с зависимыми словами называются причастным оборотом. Существуют некоторые правила оформления оборота при помощи знаков препинания.

Если определяемое слово стоит на первом месте, а за ним следует причастный оборот, то последний будет выделяться запятыми:

• Картины, висящие на противоположной стене, восхищали и вдохновляли. / В этом предложении определяемое слово «картины», причастный оборот следует за ним, следовательно, с двух сторон стоят запятые.

Но если оборот находится перед определяемым словом, то он никак не выделяется запятыми:

• Висящие на противоположной стене картины восхищали и вдохновляли. / «Картины» также остается определяемым словом, но теперь оно стоит после причастного оборота.

Как и во многих правилах, здесь есть свои исключения. Если определяемое слово выражено местоимением, то причастный оборот будет выделяться запятыми, даже если находится перед ним.

Если причастный оборот расположен перед словом, которое он определяет, но между ними есть еще другие члены предложения, то он также выделяется запятой.

Итак, чтобы легко использовать причастия в письменной и устной речи, хотя в устной они встречаются гораздо чаще, необходимо в первую очередь усвоить разницу между причастием и прилагательным. Поле этого нужно разобраться, какие формы используются в разных случаях. Например, как лучше использовать причастия совершенного и несовершенного вида.

И, наконец, для грамотного оформления оборотов на письме необходимо усвоить, как расставлять знаки препинания. Очень полезно просматривать художественную литературу, где причастные обороты встречаются довольно часто. Такие труды послужат наглядным примером. Встречая в тексте причастный оборот, можно останавливаться и анализировать то, как он использован и какие знаки препинания его окружают.

Как определить совершенный и несовершенный вид у прилагательных?

Как определить совершенный и несовершенный вид у прилагательных.

Что Сделать — совершенный вид, что Делать — несовершенный вид.

Вопрос на который должен отвечать глагол должен начинаться с С.

Совершенный и несовершенный вид как различить?

Совершенный и несовершенный вид как различить?

Пришла — совершенный или несовершенный вид?

Пришла — совершенный или несовершенный вид.

Определите вид глагола (совершенный вид или несовершенный вид) : видеть, увидеть, ходить, переходить, решаться, решиться?

Определите вид глагола (совершенный вид или несовершенный вид) : видеть, увидеть, ходить, переходить, решаться, решиться.

Чем отличается совершенный вид от несовершенного вида вопросы?

Чем отличается совершенный вид от несовершенного вида вопросы.

Что такое совершенный вид и несовершенный вид?

Что такое совершенный вид и несовершенный вид.

Оброзование деепричастий несовершенного и совершенного вида?

Оброзование деепричастий несовершенного и совершенного вида.

Как определить совершенный и несовершенный вид?

Как определить совершенный и несовершенный вид.

Определите вид глагола выполнять, рисовать, сообщить, достигать типа совершенный или несовершенный?

Определите вид глагола выполнять, рисовать, сообщить, достигать типа совершенный или несовершенный.

Что такое глаголы совершенного и несовершенного вида?

Что такое глаголы совершенного и несовершенного вида.

Какого вида глаголы будет и может?

Какого вида глаголы будет и может?

Совершенного или несовершенного вида?

На этой странице находится вопрос Как определить совершенный и несовершенный вид у прилагательных?, относящийся к категории Русский язык. По уровню сложности данный вопрос соответствует знаниям учащихся 5 — 9 классов. Здесь вы найдете правильный ответ, сможете обсудить и сверить свой вариант ответа с мнениями пользователями сайта. С помощью автоматического поиска на этой же странице можно найти похожие вопросы и ответы на них в категории Русский язык. Если ответы вызывают сомнение, сформулируйте вопрос иначе. Для этого нажмите кнопку вверху.

Под — приставка берез — корень ов — суффикс ик — суффикс оканчание нулевое.

Беспокойным выдался этот день. Утром я встал, мне приснился страшный сон. Я боялся что это правда, но вскоре понял, что это был сон. Я пошел завтракать. И Когда я шел нечаянно разбил кружку. Причём мамину! Любимую! Вечером Я пошел гулять с дру..

Всё (мест. )попробовал (сказуемое подчеркни двумя чертами), почувствовал( сказуемое подчеркни двумя чертами). (Повест. , невоскл. , прост. , односост. , ослож. Однор. Сказ. ).

1)А нынче все умы в тумане, мораль на нас наводит сон 2)С неизъяснимою отрадой Невольно думала о том ; И в сердце дума заронилась ; Пора пришла, она влюбилась. 3)Цель жизни нашей для него Была заманчивой загадкой, Над ней он голову ломал И чудеса по..

— у дедушки — дед корень ушк суфикс и окончание золота — золот корень а окончание железа — желез корень а окончание смерти — смерт — корень и окончание.